The plaintiffs RLF may have been caused by some completely different agent or agents, e . g . hypercarbia, intraventricular haemorrhage, apnoeas or patent ductus arteriosus.
2.
These include intraventricular haemorrhage ( IVH ), which often occurs during the first few days, and periventricular leukomalacia ( PVL ), which tends to occur later on.
3.
Repeated lumbar punctures are used widely to reduce the effects in increased intracranial pressure and an alternative to ventriculoperitoneal ( VP ) shunt surgery that cannot be performed in case of intraventricular haemorrhage.
4.
If severe intraventricular haemorrhage is noted then the baby will need to be scanned more frequently in case post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus ( swelling of the ventricles as the natural flow of the cerebrospinal fluid is blocked by blood-clots ) develops.
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